Whenever a person uses a drug and the effect it produces is somehow pleasant, this effect gets a rewarding quality for that person. As experimental research by behavioral psychologists has demonstrated, all behaviors that are reinforced by a reward have a tendency to be repeated and learned. Successive repetitions, besides fixing the reward-producing behaviors, also fix all previously indifferent stimuli, sensations, and situations, eventually associated with those behaviors. Seeing particular places or persons, hearing specific musics, etc, for instance, triggers in drug users the cravingNecessidade imperiosa de uma substância psicoativa ou de seus efeitos intoxicantes. Craving é um termo popular usado para o mecanismo que se supõe estar na base do controle prejudicado: alguns acreditam que esse desejo aumente, pelo menos parcialmente, como resultado de associações condicionadas que evocam respostas de abstinência condicionada. O craving pode também ser induzida pela evocação de algum estado psicológico semelhante à síndrome de abstinência do álcool ou drogas.9Veja também:abstinência condicionada, compulsão; controle prejudicado; síndrome de dependência.[No Brasil, mais recentemente, em certos círculos acadêmicos, passou-se a usar “fissura”, gíria bastante comum entre usuários de drogas, para designar o craving.] for their preferred drug.

Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Dr. Edythe D. London and her colleagues at the Addiction Research Center, in Baltimore, obtained images showing that in cocaine-users, cues associated with the use of the drug sparked an increase in the metabolism of glucose in brain areas that are associated with memory and learning (lateral pre-frontal cortex, amygdala, and cerebellum).

Robinson and Kolb found that repeated administration of amphetamine produces morphologic changes lasting more than a month in neurons in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex in rats. The exposure to amphetamines produced an increase in the length of dendrites, in the density of dendritic spines, and in the number of branched spines on the medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens, and similar effects on the apical dendrites of layer III pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex.

• Drug Abuse
• Why People Use Drugs?
• The Types of Drugs of Abuse
• Mechanisms of Action of Drug in the Brain
• The causes of Drug Abuse
• Chemical Changes Induced by Drugs in the Brain
  • Alcohol
  • Psychostimulants
    • Amphetamine
    • Cocaine
  • The Hallucinogens
  • Marijuana and Hashish
• Clinical manifestations of Drug Abuse
• The Treatment of Drug Abuse
• Bibliography